MATH

floating-point mathematical library

SYNOPSIS

#include <math.h>

LIBRARY

Math Library (libm, -lm)

DESCRIPTION

These functions constitute the C math library.

LIST OF FUNCTIONS

Each of the following functions has a counterpart with an ‘f’ appended to the name and a counterpart with an ‘l’ appended. As an example, the and counterparts of double acos(double x); are float acosf(float x); and long double acosl(long double x);, respectively.

Algebraic Functions

    Name Description cbrt cube root fma fused multiply-add hypot Euclidean distance sqrt square root

Classification Functions

    Name Description fpclassify classify a floating-point value isfinite determine whether a value is finite isinf determine whether a value is infinite isnan determine whether a value is NaN isnormal determine whether a value is normalized

Exponent Manipulation Functions

    Name Description frexp extract exponent and mantissa ilogb extract exponent ldexp multiply by power of 2 logb extract exponent scalbln adjust exponent scalbn adjust exponent

Extremum- and Sign-Related Functions

    Name Description copysign copy sign bit fabs absolute value fdim positive difference fmax maximum function fmin minimum function signbit extract sign bit

Residue and Rounding Functions

    Name Description ceil integer no less than floor integer no greater than fmod positive remainder llrint round to integer in fixed-point format llround round to nearest integer in fixed-point format lrint round to integer in fixed-point format lround round to nearest integer in fixed-point format modf extract integer and fractional parts nearbyint round to integer (silent) nextafter next representable value nexttoward next representable value remainder remainder remquo remainder with partial quotient rint round to integer round round to nearest integer trunc integer no greater in magnitude than

The ceil, floor, llround, lround, round, and trunc functions round in predetermined directions, whereas llrint, lrint, and rint round according to the current (dynamic) rounding mode. For more information on controlling the dynamic rounding mode, see fenv(3) and fesetround(3).

Silent Order Predicates

    Name Description isgreater greater than relation isgreaterequal greater than or equal to relation isless less than relation islessequal less than or equal to relation islessgreater less than or greater than relation isunordered unordered relation

Transcendental Functions

    Name Description acos inverse cosine acosh inverse hyperbolic cosine asin inverse sine asinh inverse hyperbolic sine atan inverse tangent atanh inverse hyperbolic tangent atan2 atan(y/x); complex argument cos cosine cosh hyperbolic cosine erf error function erfc complementary error function exp exponential base e exp2 exponential base 2 expm1 exp(x)-1 j0 Bessel function of the first kind of the order 0 j1 Bessel function of the first kind of the order 1 jn Bessel function of the first kind of the order n lgamma log gamma function log natural logarithm log10 logarithm to base 10 log1p log(1+x) pow exponential x**y sin trigonometric function sinh hyperbolic function tan trigonometric function tanh hyperbolic function tgamma gamma function y0 Bessel function of the second kind of the order 0 y1 Bessel function of the second kind of the order 1 yn Bessel function of the second kind of the order n

Unlike the algebraic functions listed earlier, the routines in this section may not produce a result that is correctly rounded, so reproducible results cannot be guaranteed across platforms. For most of these functions, however, incorrect rounding occurs rarely, and then only in very-close-to-halfway cases.

SEE ALSO

HISTORY

A math library with many of the present functions appeared in The library was substantially rewritten for to provide better accuracy and speed on machines supporting either VAX or IEEE 754 floating-point. Most of this library was replaced with FDLIBM, developed at Sun Microsystems, in Additional routines, including ones for and values, were written for or imported into subsequent versions of FreeBSD.

BUGS

The log2 and nan functions are missing, and many functions are not available in their variants.

Many of the routines to compute transcendental functions produce inaccurate results in other than the default rounding mode.

On some architectures, trigonometric argument reduction is not performed accurately, resulting in errors greater than 1 ulp for large arguments to cos, sin, and tan.

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